MICROPROCESSOR:
The microprocessor is the mind of any computer. It controls all sports inside the laptop. Basically, it plays 2 varieties of operations – arithmetic & logical operation (internally), examine & write (externally). Read /write operations are performed on 2 kinds of gadgets – I/O and reminiscence devices. It uses the “deal with the bus” to select any “vicinity” on those devices, sends a examine/write sign over the “manage bus” and then the statistics over the “records bus”.
MEMORY DEVICES:
The CPU shops all information inside the computer’s memory. There are reminiscence types – RAM & ROM
RAM (Random Access Memory):
This unstable type is a examine & write memory tool. This loses its contents while power is shut off.
The forms of RAM are
· DRAM (Dynamic ram) – is similar to a capacitor, as it tends to lose its contents and for this reason requires to be refreshed. This is the Computer RAM.
· SRAM (Static ram) – Is quicker than Dram and does not require to be refreshed. This is steeply-priced and therefore best a restrained amount is used as CACHE reminiscence within the pc.
ROM (Read the best reminiscence):
ROM may be programmed using a programmer and then it acts as a “examine best” tool. This device is used because the textbook for the CPU in the computer and is referred to as ROM BIOS. It stores all the fundamental facts of programming the devices gift within the system in addition to the POST (Power On Self Test) series. AMI BIOS and AWARD BIOS are the most commonplace ROM BIOS.
The kinds of ROM are
· PROM (Programmable Read Only Memory)
· EPROM (Erasable & Programmable Read Only Memory)
· FLASH ROM
· EEPROM (Electrically EPROM)
· EEPROM (Electrically Alterable ROM)
I/O DEVICES:
Apart from passive memory gadgets, there are sure controllers in the device, which assist the CPU in appearing numerous operations. These are called I/O devices. These devices consist of Interrupt controller, Timer, Ports, DMA Controller, Floppy Drive Controller, CRT Controller and so forth.
BUSES & EXPANSION SLOTS:
These are the method through which communique among numerous devices of the computer takes place and the sorts are as noted underneath.
ISA (Industry Standard Architecture):
ISA bus includes a 24-bit address bus and the 16-bit facts bus. ISA can help 8MHZ clock velocity.
MCA BUS (Micro Channel Architecture):
MCA bus is available both in 16 bit or 32-bit variations. It became evolved in a brand new line of computers called the PS/2 (private gadget 2). The clock velocity is slightly quicker (10MHZ as opposed to 8MHZ).
EISA BUS:
EISA has a 32-bit Address and Data bus and 10MHZ CLK velocity.
VL BUS/VESA LOCAL BUS:
It is a 32-bit bus which became positioned local to the CPU and as a result its call. Therefore it is able to assist high bus speeds (that of the CPU).
PCI BUS:
PCI has many benefits over different bus types. First of all, it helps sixty-four bit and 32-bit statistics paths. So it could be used each for 486 and Pentium primarily based systems. PCI can run up to 33MHZ speed and has the advantage of being remoted from the CPU. INTEL advanced this bus.
PCMCIA: (PC Memory Card International Association):
The PCMCIA changed into first designed for increasing the reminiscence in small, handled computers. PCMCIA bus width is only sixteen bits, however, a 32-bit version is on its way. There are 3 forms of playing cards specifically
· Type 1 (3.Three m thick)- used for reminiscence card.
· Type 2 (5 mm thick)- used for modem and LAN adapter.
· Type three (10.Five mm0 thick) – used for most common programs like PC tough disk Cards.
ADD-ON CARDS:
These are cards plugged directly to the principle board, the mother board (The one that homes the CPU & RAM/ROM Bios). Each performs unique capabilities of interfacing the Motherboard to the peripheral tool like the mouse, Monitor and so forth. Some Add-ons are discussed below.
DISPLAY ADAPTER:
These interface the motherboard with the screen and there are several kinds of cards. The versions are in resolution, no. Of shades supported and pace.
CGA (Color Graphics Adapter)
640 X 200 pixels
MDA (Mono Display Adapter):
eighty characters wide 25 strains long
EGA (Enhanced Graphics Adapter):
640 X 350 mode
VGA (Video Graphics Adapter):
Advanced versions of SVGA/TVGA which begin from a resolution of 640 X 480 pixel
AGP (Accelerated Graphics Port):
Introduced in the Celeron/P II based systems, this caters to the worrying multimedia applications with its excessive overall performance.
IDE I/O CARD:
Supports the following functions.
SERIAL PORT:
Communication outside to the laptop is completed serially (bit after bit) thru this port. It is used to connect conversation gadgets like the mouse, modem and so forth.
PARALLEL PORT:
eight Bit facts transfer takes region between the computer and an outside tool. It is usually used to connect a printer.
GAME PORT:
It is used to attach a joystick for gambling video games.
IDE (Integrated/Intelligent Drive Electronics) Interface: This interface is used to speak with IDE Hard disks.
FLOPPY DISK CONTROLLER:
The FDC can aid up to two floppy disk drives. The FDC is attached to the system bus and to the DMA controller. It performs records transfer in DMA mode.
SOUND CARD:
This is the card that provides audio consequences to the pc by offering an interface with microphone and speaker. This is used in Multimedia Computers.
PERIPHERAL DEVICES:
FLOPPY DRIVES:
1. Forty-four MB & 1.2 MB are forms of popular Floppy Drives.
HARD DISK DRIVES:
ST 506 & ESDI are vintage types. IDE tough disks are famous because their price to performance ratio is excellent. For very high overall performance, SCSI (Small Computer Systems Interface) is the best alternative, if a charge isn’t a criterion.
CDROM DRIVES:
CDROM power is utilized in a multimedia system as it could help all styles of CD ROMs – be it statistics CD, Audio CD, Video CD. It has an excellent advantage of storing about 650 MB of facts in an unmarried CD.
KEYBOARD:
Keyboard interprets the keystrokes into letters or numbers. These letters are interpreted and the computer CPU relying executes instructions on what became sent. Variations in phrases of XT/AT, no. Of keys, sort of keys used can be located.
MOUSE:
To have interaction with the pix (ICONS), a special pointer device becomes brought into the laptop world. This tool is known as a mouse and is hooked up to the serial port.
The mouse incorporates a round ball that makes touch with rollers-one for X-axis (the horizontal) and one for Y-axis (the vertical). Moving the mouse reasons the ball to roll, and the ball, that is in touch with the 2 rollers, reasons them to show. This is used for shifting clicking the mouse buttons makes a pointer head at the display screen and choice.
SCANNERS:
In addition to keyboards and pointing devices, there may be some other very common approach of getting facts into the pc. A Scanner is used to test an photograph (say from a picture) and enhancing may be done without the use of a suitable software program.
MONITORS:
The monitor receives video indicators from the pc video adapter card and shows the video information as pixels (image elements) on the display display screen. A form of monitors starting from CGA mono to SVGA colour are available for customers to pick from (though the previous is completely obsolete).
CONFIGURATION SETUP:
This is in which we outline the device configuration. This is completed handiest when the machine is assembled and configured for the first time or whilst it’s far upgraded. (One might also enter the SETUP by way of pressing “Del” key because the gadget is powered up). Different BIOS’ support one of a kind alternatives however the most vital ones, that are observed on all systems, are indexed below.
DATE & TIME: It shows the perfect Date & Time. It needs to be set when the get is first established.
FLOPPY TYPE:
To outline the Floppy drives connected (1.2MB or 1.44MB).
HARD DISK TYPE: To select the Hard disk kind (Primary or secondary)
DISPLAY TYPE: Its pick the forms of video adapter used for the gadget reveal.
CACHE ENABLE/DISABLE:
This class quickens the Memory access. (Default price: Enable) and defines presence or absence of cache memory.
QUICK POWER ON SELF TEST: Its quickens the Power On Self Test once you energy up the pc.
PASSWORD SETTING: This lets in you to set the System password.
POWER MANAGEMENT: This category allows you to pick out the type (or diploma) of power saving.
LOADING DEFAULT VALUES:
There are many parameters, which want to be described within the CMOS setup, and one won’t want to achieve this manually. This choice masses certain default values, saved inside the BIOS ROM, that have been defined by means of the producer for to the p of the line system performance.
ENABLE/DISABLE ON BOARD FUNCTIONS:
To enable/disable sure onboard functions like Floppy Disk Control and so forth (This applies handiest to included Motherboards in which the ADD ON features are included on the Motherboard itself).
PNP FEATURES: This class is used to configure the PCI Bus slots.
IDE AUTO DETECTION: This lets in you to stumble on the IDE Hard drives robotically.
SAVING & EXITING:
This permits you to keep the brand new putting value in the CMOS reminiscence and preserve with the booting procedure.
POST (POWER ON SELF TEST):
This POST firmware is stored in ROM at the motherboard. This POST is a series of a simple software to check and catch faults in different components and circuits. It assessments the microprocessor, interrupt controller, PPI, DMA controller, ROM, RAM, peripheral controllers and so forth.
SYMPTOMS:
In case of mistakes detection all through POa ST, indications like error beeps/mistakes messages helps troubleshoot troubles.
SPEAKER:
With the help of speaker error beeps, we are able to troubleshoot faults. Each fault causes the speaker to emit distinct patterns of beeps.
DISPLAYED ERROR MESSAGES:
When the get is powered on, Iran error message may be displayed on the screen (Floppy disk fail), if the Video Adapter is functional.
DIAGNOSTIC CARDS:
The superior diagnostic add on card captures details of POST collection and displays a hexa code which can be used for in-intensity & accurate prognosis of a POST problem.
CDROM DRIVES:
A pc CD-ROM force makes use of small, interchangeable, plastic-encased discs from which facts are retrieved t from the usage of a laser beam, similar to music compact disc. And like a tune CD, a computer CD-ROM shops massive amounts of statistics. This is done with the aid of using mild to file data in a form it’s more tightly packed than the highly clumsy magnetic examine/write heads a traditional force need to manipulate.
The force is controlled by way of a software to your PC that sends commands to controller circuitry it is either a part of the computer systems motherboard or on a separate board installed in an expansion slot.
How a CD_ROM pressure works?
· A motor continuously varies the fee at which CD-ROM disc spins in order that regardless of where a thing, known as DETECTOR, is positioned in relation to the radius of the disc, the portion of the disc at once above the detector is continually on the equal speed.
· The laser initiatives a focused beam of mild that is similarly centered by a focusing coil.
· The laser beam penetrates a protective layer of plastic and moves a reflective layer that looks like aluminum foil on the lowest of disc.
· The floor of the reflective layer alternates between lands and pits. Lands are flat floor regions; pits are tiny despair in the reflective layer. These surface are file of the 1s and 0s used to shop facts.
· Lights that moves a pit scattered. But mild that strikes a land is contemplated without delay returned on the detector, in which it passes thru a prism that deflects laser beam to a LIGHT-SENSING DIODE.
· Each pulse of mild that moves the mild-sensing diode generates a small electric voltages. These voltages are matched in opposition to a timing circuit to generates a stream of 1s and 0s that could recognize.